Here we are going to consider techniques for expanding the basic summary – conclusion.

Here we are going to consider techniques for expanding the basic summary - conclusion.

But two words of advice have been in order. First, no matter what clever or beautifully executed, a conclusion cannot salvage a poorly written paper. Second, by virtue of the placement, the final outcome carries rhetorical weight. It is the statement that is last reader will encounter before turning from your work. Realizing this, writers who expand on the summary-conclusion that is basic want to give their final words a dramatic flourish, a heightened amount of diction. Soaring rhetoric and drama in a conclusion are fine as long as they do not unbalance the paper and call awareness of themselves. Having labored hours that are long your paper, you have got every right to wax eloquent. But keep a sense of timing and proportion. Make your points quickly and end crisply.

Statement regarding the Subject's Significance

One of the more effective how to conclude a paper is always to discuss the larger need for that which you have written, providing readers with one more reason to regard your work as a serious effort. When making use of this plan, you move through the specific concern of the paper to the broader concerns associated with reader's world. Often, you shall have to choose among a variety of significances: A paper from the Wright brothers might end with a discussion of air travel because it affects economies, politics, or families; a paper on contraception might end with a discussion of the impact on sexual mores, population, or even the church. But try not to overwhelm your reader because more of the importance of one's remarks. Maintain your discussion well focused.

The paragraphs that are following a paper on George H. Shull, a pioneer into the inbreeding and crossbreeding of corn:

. . . Thus, the hybrids developed and described by Shull 75 years ago have finally dominated U.S. corn production.

The adoption of hybrid corn was steady and dramatic when you look at the Corn Belt. From 1930 through 1979 the common yields of corn into the U.S. increased from 21.9 to 95.1 bushels per acre, as well as the extra value to the farmer is now several billion dollars per year.

The prosperity of hybrid corn has also stimulated the breeding of other crops, such as for instance sorghum hybrids, a feed that is major crop in arid parts of the whole world. Sorghum yields have increased 300 percent since 1930. Approximately 20 percent for the land devoted to rice production in China is planted with hybrid seed, which can be reported to yield 20 percent more than the best varieties. And several superior varieties of tomatoes, cucumbers, spinach, along with other vegetables are hybrids. Today virtually all corn produced in the countries that are developed from hybrid seed. From those blue bloods associated with the plant kingdom has come a model for feeding the world. 10

The sentence that is first of conclusion is an overview, and from this the reader can infer that the paper included a discussion of Shull's processes for the hybrid breeding of corn. The summary is followed by a two-paragraph discussion on the value of Shull's research for feeding the planet.

Call for Further Research

Within the scientific and social scientific communities, papers often end with overview of what has been presented (as, by way of example, in an experiment) in addition to ways that the subject in mind needs to be further explored. That you call on others to answer, however, make sure you know that the research you are calling for hasn't already been conducted if you raise questions.

This conclusion that is next from a sociological report regarding the keeping of elderly women and men in assisted living facilities.

Thus, our study shows a correlation amongst the keeping of elderly citizens in nursing facilities additionally the significant decline of these motor and intellectual skills on the ten months following placement. What the research has not made clear is the extent to which this marked decline is as a result of physical rather than emotional causes. The elderly are referred to homes at that point inside their lives once they grow less able to take care of themselves - which implies that the drop-off in skills might be because of physical causes. Nevertheless the emotional stress of being put into a house, far from family plus in a breeding ground that confirms the in-patient's view of himself as decrepit, may exacerbate - if you don't itself be a primary cause of - the patient's rapid loss in abilities. Further research is required to clarify the relationship between depression and particular ailments that are physical these impact the skills associated with elderly in nursing facilities. There is certainly little doubt that information yielded by such studies can enable health care professionals to deliver more effective services.

Notice how this call for further study locates the author in a large community of researchers on whom she depends for assistance in answering the questions which have emerge from her very own work. The writer summarizes her findings (within the sentence that is first of paragraph), states what her work has not shown, and then extends her invitation.

The purpose of your paper might be to review a challenge or controversy and also to discuss factors that are contributing. This kind of a full case, it might be appropriate, after summarizing your discussion, to offer an answer in line with the knowledge you have gained while conducting research. Should your option would be to seriously be taken, your understanding needs to be amply demonstrated within the body regarding the paper.

. . . The problem that is major college sports today is certainly not commercialism - it's the exploitation of athletes plus the proliferation of illicit practices which dilute educational standards.

Many universities are currently deriving substantial advantages of sports programs that depend on the labor of athletes drawn from the poorest chapters of America's population. This is the responsibility of educators, civil rights leaders, and concerned citizens to observe that these young people get a return that is fair their labor in both terms of direct remuneration and in terms of career preparation for a life outside sports.

Minimally, scholarships in revenue-producing sports must certanly be designed to extend until graduation, in the place of covering only four several years of athletic eligibility, and should include guarantees of tutoring, counseling, and proper health care bills. At institutions where in actuality the profits are particularly large (such as for example Texas A &M, that could afford to pay its football coach $280,000 a year), scholarships should also provide salaries that extend beyond room, board, and tuition. The main thing is that the athlete be remunerated fairly and also have the opportunity to gain skills from a university environment without undue competition from a physically and psychologically demanding job that is full-time. This may well require that scholarships be extended over five or six years, including summers.

Such a proposal, I suspect, will never be simple to implement. The amateur that is current, despite its moral and educational flaws, enables universities to hire their athletic labor at minimal cost. But solving the fiscal crisis of this universities in the backs of America's poor and minorities is not, over time, a solution that is tenable. The college athlete, truly a sleeping giant, will someday speak out and demand what is rightly his - and hers - a fair share of the revenue created by their hard work with the support of concerned educators, parents, and civil rights leaders, and with the help from organized labor. 11

The author summarizes his article in a single sentence: "the main problem in college sports today is not commercialism - this is the exploitation of athletes plus the proliferation of illicit practices which dilute educational standards. in this conclusion" In paragraph 2, he continues with an analysis associated with the problem just stated and follows with a recommendation that is general that "educators, civil rights leaders, and concerned citizens" be accountable for the welfare of college athletes. In paragraph 3, he makes a proposal that is specific and in the ultimate paragraph, he anticipates resistance to the proposal. He concludes by discounting this resistance and time for the overall point, that college athletes should receive a fair deal.

An anecdote is a briefly told story or joke, the point of which in a conclusion is to shed light on the subject. The anecdote is more direct than an allusion. With an allusion, you only relate to a tale ("Too many people today live in Plato's cave . . ."); with the anecdote, you really retell the storyline. The anecdote allows readers to uncover because they get to exercise their creativity for themselves the significance of a reference to another source - an effort most readers enjoy.